Welcome to the Nexus of Ethics, Psychology, Morality, Philosophy and Health Care

Welcome to the nexus of ethics, psychology, morality, technology, health care, and philosophy

Wednesday, June 18, 2025

The Role of Emotion Dysregulation in Understanding Suicide Risk: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Rogante, E.,  et al. (2024).
Healthcare, 12(2), 169.

Abstract
Suicide prevention represents a global imperative, and efforts to identify potential risk factors are intensifying. Among these, emotional regulation abilities represent a transdiagnostic component that may have an impactful influence on suicidal ideation and behavior. Therefore, the present systematic review aimed to investigate the association between emotion dysregulation and suicidal ideation and/or behavior in adult participants. The review followed PRISMA guidelines, and the research was performed through four major electronic databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, PsycInfo, and Web of Science) for relevant titles/abstracts published from January 2013 to September 2023. The review included original studies published in peer-reviewed journals and in English that assessed the relationship between emotional regulation, as measured by the Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale (DERS), and suicidal ideation and/or behavior. In total, 44 studies were considered eligible, and the results mostly revealed significant positive associations between emotion dysregulation and suicidal ideation, while the findings on suicide attempts were more inconsistent. Furthermore, the findings also confirmed the role of emotion dysregulation as a mediator between suicide and other variables. Given these results, it is important to continue investigating these constructs and conduct accurate assessments to implement effective person-centered interventions.

Here are some thoughts. I used this research in a recent article.

This systematic review explores the role of emotion dysregulation in understanding suicide risk among adults, analyzing 44 studies that assess the association between emotional regulation difficulties—measured primarily by the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS)—and suicidal ideation and behavior. The findings largely support a significant positive correlation between emotion dysregulation and suicidal ideation across both clinical and nonclinical populations. Specific dimensions of emotion dysregulation, such as impulsivity, lack of emotional clarity, and ineffective use of regulatory strategies, were particularly linked to increased suicidal thoughts. However, results regarding suicide attempts were more inconsistent, with some studies showing a strong link while others found no significant associations.

The review also highlights the mediating role of emotion dysregulation between various risk factors (e.g., childhood trauma, psychopathy, depression) and suicidal outcomes. Emotion dysregulation appears to amplify suicide risk by influencing how individuals cope with psychological pain and stress. Despite methodological limitations—including reliance on self-report measures, sample heterogeneity, and limited longitudinal data—the evidence suggests that improving emotional regulation could be a valuable target for suicide prevention strategies. The authors recommend further research using robust statistical methods and comprehensive assessments to better understand causal pathways and enhance intervention effectiveness.

Tuesday, June 17, 2025

Ethical implication of artificial intelligence (AI) adoption in financial decision making.

Owolabi, O. S., Uche, P. C., et al. (2024).
Computer and Information Science, 17(1), 49.

Abstract

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into the financial sector has raised ethical concerns that need to be addressed. This paper analyzes the ethical implications of using AI in financial decision-making and emphasizes the importance of an ethical framework to ensure its fair and trustworthy deployment. The study explores various ethical considerations, including the need to address algorithmic bias, promote transparency and explainability in AI systems, and adhere to regulations that protect equity, accountability, and public trust. By synthesizing research and empirical evidence, the paper highlights the complex relationship between AI innovation and ethical integrity in finance. To tackle this issue, the paper proposes a comprehensive and actionable ethical framework that advocates for clear guidelines, governance structures, regular audits, and collaboration among stakeholders. This framework aims to maximize the potential of AI while minimizing negative impacts and unintended consequences. The study serves as a valuable resource for policymakers, industry professionals, researchers, and other stakeholders, facilitating informed discussions, evidence-based decision-making, and the development of best practices for responsible AI integration in the financial sector. The ultimate goal is to ensure fairness, transparency, and accountability while reaping the benefits of AI for both the financial sector and society.

Here are some thoughts:

This paper explores the ethical implications of using artificial intelligence (AI) in financial decision-making.  It emphasizes the necessity of an ethical framework to ensure AI is used fairly and responsibly.  The study examines ethical concerns like algorithmic bias, the need for transparency and explainability in AI systems, and the importance of regulations that protect equity, accountability, and public trust.  The paper also proposes a comprehensive ethical framework with guidelines, governance structures, regular audits, and stakeholder collaboration to maximize AI's potential while minimizing negative impacts.

These themes are similar to concerns in using AI in the practice of psychology. Also, psychologists may need to be aware of these issues for their own financial and wealth management.

Monday, June 16, 2025

The impact of AI errors in a human-in-the-loop process

Agudo, U., Liberal, K. G., et al. (2024).
Cognitive Research Principles and 
Implications, 9(1).

Abstract

Automated decision-making is becoming increasingly common in the public sector. As a result, political institutions recommend the presence of humans in these decision-making processes as a safeguard against potentially erroneous or biased algorithmic decisions. However, the scientific literature on human-in-the-loop performance is not conclusive about the benefits and risks of such human presence, nor does it clarify which aspects of this human–computer interaction may influence the final decision. In two experiments, we simulate an automated decision-making process in which participants judge multiple defendants in relation to various crimes, and we manipulate the time in which participants receive support from a supposed automated system with Artificial Intelligence (before or after they make their judgments). Our results show that human judgment is affected when participants receive incorrect algorithmic support, particularly when they receive it before providing their own judgment, resulting in reduced accuracy. The data and materials for these experiments are freely available at the Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/b6p4z/ Experiment 2 was preregistered.

Here are some thoughts:


This study explores the impact of AI errors in human-in-the-loop processes, where humans and AI systems collaborate in decision-making.  The research specifically investigates how the timing of AI support influences human judgment and decision accuracy.  The findings indicate that human judgment is negatively affected by incorrect algorithmic support, particularly when provided before the human's own judgment, leading to decreased accuracy.  This research highlights the complexities of human-computer interaction in automated decision-making contexts and emphasizes the need for a deeper understanding of how AI support systems can be effectively integrated to minimize errors and biases.    

This is important for psychologists because it sheds light on the cognitive biases and decision-making processes involved when humans interact with AI systems, which is an increasingly relevant area of study in the field.  Understanding these interactions can help psychologists develop interventions and strategies to mitigate negative impacts, such as automation bias, and improve the design of human-computer interfaces to optimize decision-making accuracy and reduce errors in various sectors, including public service, healthcare, and justice. 

Sunday, June 15, 2025

Relationship between Personal Ethics and Burnout: The Unexpected Influence of Affective Commitment

Santiago-Torner, C., et al. (2024).
Administrative Sciences, 14(6), 123.

Abstract

Objective: Ethical climates and their influence on emotional health have been the subject of intense debates. However, Personal Ethics as a potential resource that can mitigate Burnout syndrome has gone unnoticed. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to examine the effect of Personal Ethics on the three dimensions that constitute Burnout, considering the moderating influence of Affective Commitment. 

Design/methodology: A model consisting of three simple moderations is used to solve this question. The sample includes 448 professionals from the Colombian electricity sector with university-qualified education. 

Findings: Personal Ethics mitigates Emotional Exhaustion and Depersonalization, but it is not related to Personal Realization. Affective Commitment, unexpectedly, has an inverse moderating effect. In other words, as this type of commitment intensifies, the positive impact of Personal Ethics on Burnout and Depersonalization decreases until it disappears. Furthermore, Affective Commitment does not influence the dynamic between Personal Ethics and self-realization. 

Research limitations/implications: A longitudinal study would strengthen the causal relationships established in this research. Practical implications: Alignment of values between the individual and the organization is crucial. In fact, integration between the organization and its personnel through organic, open and connected structures increases psychological well-being through values linked to benevolence and understanding. 

Social implications: Employees’ emotional health is transcendental beyond the organizational level, as it has a significant impact on personal and family interactions beyond the workplace.

Originality/value: The potential adverse repercussion of Affective Commitment has been barely examined. Additionally, Personal Ethics, when intensified by high Affective Commitment, can lead to extra-role behaviors that transform what is voluntary into a moral imperative. This situation could generate emotional fractures and a decrease in achievement. This perspective, compared to previous research, introduces an innovative element.

Here are some thoughts:

This study investigates the relationship between personal ethics and burnout, highlighting the unexpected mediating influence of affective commitment. While ethical climates have been extensively studied for their impact on emotional well-being, this research focuses on personal ethics as a potential resource for mitigating burnout across its three dimensions. The findings reveal that personal ethics indirectly reduces burnout through its positive association with affective commitment, suggesting that employees with stronger personal ethical values tend to feel more emotionally attached and committed to their organizations, which in turn buffers them against burnout. This research contributes to the understanding of burnout by identifying personal ethics and affective commitment as significant factors in employee well-being.

Saturday, June 14, 2025

Ethical decision-making models: a taxonomy of models and review of issues

Johnson, M. K., Weeks, S. N.,  et al. (2021).
Ethics & Behavior, 32(3), 195–209.

Abstract

A discussion of ethical decision-making literature is overdue. In this article, we summarize the current literature of ethical decision-making models used in mental health professions. Of 1,520 articles published between 2001 and 2020 that met initial search criteria, 38 articles were included. We report on the status of empirical evidence for the use of these models along with comparisons, limitations, and considerations. Ethical decision-making models were synthesized into eight core procedural components and presented based on the composition of steps present in each model. This taxonomy provides practitioners, trainers, students, and supervisors relevant information regarding ethical decision-making models.


Here are some thoughts:

This article reviews ethical decision-making models used in mental health professions and introduces a taxonomy of these models, defined by eight core procedural components. The study analyzed 38 articles published between 2001 and 2020 to identify these components. The eight core components are:   
  1. Framing the Dilemma: This involves identifying and describing the ethical dilemma.
  2. Considering Codes: This includes reviewing relevant ethical codes and legal standards.
  3. Consultation: Seeking advice from supervisors, colleagues, or ethics experts.
  4. Identifying Stakeholders: Recognizing all individuals and parties affected by the decision.
  5. Generating Alternatives: Developing various potential courses of action.
  6. Assessing Consequences: Evaluating the potential outcomes of each alternative.
  7. Making a Decision: Choosing the best course of action.
  8. Evaluating the Outcome: Reflecting on the decision-making process and its results.    
The paper discusses the empirical evidence for the use of these models, their limitations, and other important considerations for practitioners, trainers, students, and supervisors. 

Friday, June 13, 2025

AI Anxiety: a comprehensive analysis of psychological factors and interventions

Kim, J. J. H., Soh, J., et al. (2025).
AI And Ethics.

Abstract

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has raised significant concerns regarding its impact on human psychology, leading to a phenomenon termed AI Anxiety—feelings of apprehension or fear stemming from the accelerated development of AI technologies. Although AI Anxiety is a critical concern, the current literature lacks a comprehensive analysis addressing this issue. This paper aims to fill that gap by thoroughly examining the psychological factors underlying AI Anxiety and proposing effective solutions to tackle the problem. We begin by comparing AI Anxiety with Automation Anxiety, highlighting the distinct psychological impacts associated with AI-specific advancements. We delve into the primary contributor to AI Anxiety—the fear of replacement by AI—and explore secondary causes such as uncontrolled AI growth, privacy concerns, AI-generated misinformation, and AI biases. To address these challenges, we propose multidisciplinary solutions, offering insights into educational, technological, regulatory, and ethical guidelines. Understanding the root causes of AI Anxiety and implementing strategic interventions are critical steps for mitigating its rise as society enters the era of pervasive AI.


Here are some thoughts:

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has led to a growing concern termed "AI Anxiety," which is the apprehension or fear individuals experience due to the fast-paced development of AI technologies.  This anxiety is multifaceted, encompassing fears about job security, privacy infringements, the loss of control over AI systems, and the potential for AI to generate misinformation and exhibit biases.  While AI Anxiety shares similarities with Automation Anxiety, which arose during the Industrial Revolution with the introduction of machinery, it presents unique challenges.  Unlike Automation Anxiety, which was primarily focused on the replacement of manual labor, AI Anxiety extends to the replacement of cognitive and creative skills across various sectors, including healthcare, finance, and education.  The pervasive nature of AI, its integration into personal lives, and the ethical dilemmas it raises contribute to a deeper and more complex form of anxiety. 

Thursday, June 12, 2025

The Illusion of Thinking: Understanding the Strengths and Limitations of Reasoning Models via the Lens of Problem Complexity

Parshin, S.,  et al. (n.d.).
Apple.

Abstract

Recent generations of frontier language models have introduced Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) that generate detailed thinking processes before providing answers. While these models demonstrate improved performance on reasoning benchmarks, their fundamental capabilities, scaling properties, and limitations remain insufficiently understood. Current evaluations primarily focus on established mathematical and coding benchmarks, emphasizing final answer accuracy. However, this evaluation paradigm often suffers from data contamination and does not provide insights into the reasoning traces’ structure and quality. In this work, we systematically investigate these gaps with the help of controllable puzzle environments that allow precise manipulation of compositional complexity while maintaining consistent logical structures. This setup enables the analysis of not only final answers but also the internal reasoning traces, offering insights into how LRMs “think”. Through extensive experimentation across diverse puzzles, we show that frontier LRMs face a complete accuracy collapse beyond certain complexities. Moreover, they exhibit a counterintuitive scaling limit: their reasoning effort increases with problem complexity up to a point, then declines despite having an adequate token budget. By comparing LRMs with their standard LLM counterparts under equivalent inference compute, we identify three performance regimes: (1) low-complexity tasks where standard models surprisingly outperform LRMs, (2) medium-complexity tasks where additional thinking in LRMs demonstrates advantage, and (3) high-complexity tasks where both models experience complete collapse. We found that LRMs have limitations in exact computation: they fail to use explicit algorithms and reason inconsistently across puzzles. We also investigate the reasoning traces in more depth, studying the patterns of explored solutions and analyzing the models’ computational behavior, shedding light on their strengths, limitations, and ultimately raising crucial questions about their true reasoning capabilities.

The paper can be located here.

Here are some thoughts:

This paper is important to psychologists because it explores how Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) generate reasoning processes that appear human-like but may lack true understanding—an illusion that mirrors aspects of human cognition. By analyzing LRMs’ step-by-step reasoning traces, the study reveals striking parallels to human reasoning heuristics, biases, and limitations, such as inconsistent logic, computational failures under complexity, and a collapse in effort beyond a certain threshold. These findings offer psychologists a novel framework to compare AI and human reasoning, particularly in domains like problem-solving, metacognition, and cognitive overload. Additionally, the paper raises urgent questions about human-AI interaction: if people overtrust AI-generated reasoning (despite its flaws), this could influence reliance on AI in therapeutic, educational, or decision-making contexts. The study’s methods—using controlled puzzles to dissect reasoning—also provide psychologists with tools to test human cognition with similar precision. Ultimately, this work challenges assumptions about what constitutes "genuine" reasoning, bridging AI research and psychological theories of intelligence, bias, and the boundaries of human and artificial thought.

Wednesday, June 11, 2025

Communitarianism revisited

Etzioni, A. (2014).
Journal of Political Ideologies, 19(3), 241–260.

Abstract

This article provides a retrospective account and analysis of communitarianism. Drawing upon the author's involvement with the political branch of communitarianism, it attempts to summarize both the history of the school of thought as well as its most prominent ideas. These include the communitarian emphasis on the common good; the effort to find an acceptable balance between individual rights and social responsibilities; the basis of social order; and the need to engage in substantive moral dialogues. The article closes with a discussion of cultural relativism according to which communities ought to be the ultimate arbitrators of the good and a universalistic position.


Here are some thoughts:

This article offers a comprehensive overview and critical reflection on the evolution of communitarian thought, particularly as it relates to political philosophy and public life. Etzioni traces the historical roots of communitarianism, highlighting its emphasis on the common good, the balance between individual rights and social responsibilities, and the necessity of substantive moral dialogue within communities. He notes that while communitarianism is a relatively small school in academic philosophy, its core ideas-such as prioritizing the welfare of the community alongside individual freedoms-are deeply embedded in various religious, political, and cultural traditions across the world.

The article explores the resurgence of communitarian ideas in the 1980s and 1990s as a response to the perceived excesses of individualism promoted by liberalism and laissez-faire conservatism. Etzioni discusses the tension between individual autonomy and communal obligations, arguing for a nuanced approach that seeks equilibrium between these often competing values, adapting as societal conditions change. He also addresses critiques of communitarianism, including concerns about its potential association with authoritarianism and the vagueness of the concept of "community."

For practicing psychologists, this article is significant because it underscores the importance of considering both individual and collective dimensions in understanding human behavior, ethical decision-making, and therapeutic practice. Recognizing the interplay between personal autonomy and social context can enhance psychologists’ ability to support clients in navigating moral dilemmas, fostering social connectedness, and promoting well-being within diverse communities.

Tuesday, June 10, 2025

Prejudiced patients: Ethical considerations for addressing patients’ prejudicial comments in psychotherapy.

Mbroh, H., Najjab, A., et al. (2020).
Professional Psychology: Research and
Practice, 51(3), 284–290.

Abstract

Psychologists will often encounter patients who make prejudiced comments during psychotherapy. Some psychologists may argue that the obligations to social justice require them to address these comments. Others may argue that the obligation to promote the psychotherapeutic process requires them to ignore such comments. The authors present a decision-making strategy and an intervention based on principle-based ethics for thinking through such dilemmas.

Public Significance Statement—

This article identifies ethical principles psychologists should consider when deciding whether to address their patients’ prejudicial comments in psychotherapy. It also provides an intervention strategy for addressing patients’ prejudicial comments.


Here are some thoughts:

The article explores how psychologists should ethically respond when clients express prejudicial views during therapy. The authors highlight a tension between two key obligations: the duty to promote the well-being of the patient (beneficence) and the broader responsibility to challenge social injustice (general beneficence). Using principle-based ethics, the article presents multiple real-life scenarios in which clients make discriminatory remarks—whether racist, ageist, sexist, or homophobic—and examines the ethical dilemmas that arise. In each case, psychologists must consider the context, potential harm, and therapeutic alliance before choosing whether or how to intervene. The authors emphasize that while tolerance for clients' values is important, it should not extend to condoning harmful biases. They propose a structured approach to addressing prejudice in session: show empathy, create cognitive dissonance by highlighting harm, and invite the client to explore the issue further. Recommendations include ongoing education, self-reflection, consultation, and thoughtful, non-punitive interventions. Ultimately, the article argues that addressing patient prejudice is ethically justifiable when done skillfully, and doing so can improve both individual therapy outcomes and societal well-being.

Monday, June 9, 2025

No Change? A Grounded Theory Analysis of Depressed Patients' Perspectives on Non-improvement in Psychotherapy

De Smet, M. M., et al. (2019).
Frontiers in Psychology, 10.

Aim: Understanding the effects of psychotherapy is a crucial concern for both research and clinical practice, especially when outcome tends to be negative. Yet, while outcome is predominantly evaluated by means of quantitative pre-post outcome questionnaires, it remains unclear what this actually means for patients in their daily lives. To explore this meaning, it is imperative to combine treatment evaluation with quantitative and qualitative outcome measures. This study investigates the phenomenon of non-improvement in psychotherapy, by complementing quantitative pre-post outcome scores that indicate no reliable change in depression symptoms with a qualitative inquiry of patients' perspectives.

Methods: The study took place in the context of a Randomised Controlled Trial evaluating time-limited psychodynamic and cognitive behavioral therapy for major depression. A mixed methods study was conducted including patients' pre-post outcome scores on the BDI-II-NL and post treatment Client Change Interviews. Nineteen patients whose data showed no reliable change in depression symptoms were selected. A grounded theory analysis was conducted on the transcripts of patients' interviews.

Findings: From the patients' perspective, non-improvement can be understood as being stuck between knowing versus doing, resulting in a stalemate. Positive changes (mental stability, personal strength, and insight) were stimulated by therapy offering moments of self-reflection and guidance, the benevolent therapist approach and the context as important motivations. Remaining issues (ambition to change but inability to do so) were attributed to the therapy hitting its limits, patients' resistance and impossibility and the context as a source of distress. “No change” in outcome scores therefore seems to involve a “partial change” when considering the patients' perspectives.

Conclusion: The study shows the value of integrating qualitative first-person analyses into standard quantitative outcome evaluation and particularly for understanding the phenomenon of non-improvement. It argues for more multi-method and multi-perspective research to gain a better understanding of (negative) outcome and treatment effects. Implications for both research and practice are discussed.

Here are some thoughts:

This study explores the perspectives of depressed patients who experienced no improvement in psychotherapy. While quantitative measures often assess therapy outcomes, the reasons behind a lack of progress from the patients' viewpoint remain unclear. Through a grounded theory analysis, the researchers aimed to understand this phenomenon. The study highlights the importance of considering the patient's subjective experience when evaluating the effectiveness of psychotherapy, particularly in cases where standard outcome measures might not capture the nuances of non-improvement.

Sunday, June 8, 2025

Promoting competent and flourishing life-long practice for psychologists: A communitarian perspective

Wise, E. H., & Reuman, L. (2019).
Professional Psychology Research 
and Practice, 50(2), 129–135.

Abstract

Based on awareness of the challenges inherent in the practice of psychology there is a burgeoning interest in ensuring that psychologists who serve the public remain competent. These challenges include remaining current in our technical skills and maintaining sufficient personal wellness over the course of our careers. However, beyond merely maintaining competence, we encourage psychologists to envision flourishing lifelong practice that incorporates positive relationships, enhancement of meaning, and positive engagement. In this article we provide an overview of the foundational competencies related to professionalism including ethics, reflective practice, self-assessment, and self-care that underlie our ability to effectively apply technical skills in often complex and emotionally challenging relational contexts. Building on these foundational competencies that were initially defined and promulgated for academic training in health service psychology, we provide an initial framework for conceptualizing psychologist well-being and flourishing lifelong practice that incorporates tenets of applied positive psychology, values-based practice, and a communitarian-oriented approach into the following categories: fostering relationships, meaning making and value-based practice, and enhancing engagement. Finally, we propose broad strategies and specific examples intended to leverage current continuing education mandates into a broadly conceived vision of continuing professional development to support enhanced psychologist functioning for lifelong practice.

Here are some thoughts:

Wise and Reuman highlight the importance of lifelong learning for psychologists, emphasizing that competence involves maintaining both technical skills and personal wellness.  The authors introduce a framework that integrates positive psychology, values-based practice, and a communitarian approach, focusing on fostering relationships, enhancing meaning, and promoting engagement.  They stress the significance of foundational competencies such as ethics, reflective practice, self-assessment, and self-care, and advocate for leveraging continuing education mandates to support psychologists' ongoing development and well-being throughout their careers.

Saturday, June 7, 2025

Preventing Veteran Suicide: a landscape analysis of existing programs, their evidence, and what the next generation of programs may look like.

Ramchand, R. et al. (2025, April 16).
RAND.

Preventing veteran suicide is a national priority for government, veteran advocacy groups, and the private sector. This attention has led many individuals and organizations to leverage their expertise to create, expand, or promote activities that they hope will prevent future deaths. While the number and array of diverse approaches reflect a nation committed to a common goal, they also can create confusion. Advances in technology also generate questions about the future of veteran suicide prevention.

In this report, the authors analyze current and emerging activities to prevent veteran suicide. They introduce the RAND Suicide Prevention Activity Matrix, a framework that organizes current approaches, how they complement each other, how they might change, their evidence for preventing veteran suicide, and why they might (or might not) work. This framework places 26 categories of activities in a matrix based on whom the activity targets (the veteran directly, those who regularly interact with the veteran, or social influences) and what the activity is intended to accomplish (address social conditions, promote general well-being, address mental health symptoms, provide mental health supports, and prevent suicide crises). Entities committed to preventing veteran suicide and seeking to design evidence-informed, comprehensive suicide prevention strategies will benefit from the framework and evidence reviewed in this report, in addition to the recommendations the authors developed from these data.

Key Findings
  • The authors identified 307 suicide prevention programs, 156 of which were currently operating and 226 that were proposed to expand existing services or initiate new programs.
  • These organizations' suicide prevention activities were categorized across 26 suicide prevention activity categories and organized into the RAND Suicide Prevention Activity Matrix.
  • Among the 156 current programs, there is a strong focus on those that aim to build social connections and those that offer case management or noncrisis psychological counseling.
  • Veterans are the primary focus of most current programs, but many programs are also offered to family members and friends — often in addition to serving veterans directly.
  • Nonprofit organizations operate most current programs, and just under half of the programs are accessed virtually or via a combination of in-person and virtual access.
  • Among the 226 proposed programs, the most common types are multifunctional digital health platforms (mobile health applications), suicide risk assessment tools, and real-time monitoring.
  • The following activity types have a robust evidence base for preventing suicide: community-based suicide prevention initiatives, suicide risk assessment, noncrisis psychological treatment, crisis psychological clinical services, and pharmacotherapy (for those with mental health conditions).
Recommendations
  • Organizations charged with developing, investing in, implementing, or evaluating comprehensive suicide prevention strategies should prioritize implementation of evidence-based prevention activities.
  • When implementing a suicide prevention activity, organizations should consider the context in which the activity is intended to be delivered.
  • Organizations should conduct a needs assessment to identify gaps in suicide prevention activities.
  • Organizations should apply different thresholds of evidence when considering different suicide prevention activities.
  • Organizations should invest strategically in research that can fill notable gaps in knowledge.

Friday, June 6, 2025

The myth of harmless wrongs in moral cognition: Automatic dyadic completion from sin to suffering

Gray, K., Schein, C., & Ward, A. F. (2014).
Journal of experimental psychology.
General, 143(4), 1600–1615.

Abstract

When something is wrong, someone is harmed. This hypothesis derives from the theory of dyadic morality, which suggests a moral cognitive template of wrongdoing agent and suffering patient (i.e., victim). This dyadic template means that victimless wrongs (e.g., masturbation) are psychologically incomplete, compelling the mind to perceive victims even when they are objectively absent. Five studies reveal that dyadic completion occurs automatically and implicitly: Ostensibly harmless wrongs are perceived to have victims (Study 1), activate concepts of harm (Studies 2 and 3), and increase perceptions of suffering (Studies 4 and 5). These results suggest that perceiving harm in immorality is intuitive and does not require effortful rationalization. This interpretation argues against both standard interpretations of moral dumbfounding and domain-specific theories of morality that assume the psychological existence of harmless wrongs. Dyadic completion also suggests that moral dilemmas in which wrongness (deontology) and harm (utilitarianism) conflict are unrepresentative of typical moral cognition.


Here are some thoughts:

This research paper explores the psychological theory of dyadic morality, which posits that our moral cognition is structured around a template of a wrongdoing agent and a suffering patient (victim). The authors argue that this dyadic template leads to an automatic and implicit process called "dyadic completion," where individuals perceive victims and harm even in situations considered objectively harmless wrongs. Across five studies, the researchers found that ostensibly harmless immoral acts are indeed perceived as having victims, activate concepts related to harm, and increase perceptions of suffering. This suggests that the perception of harm is fundamental to our intuitive understanding of immorality and challenges theories that assume the psychological reality of victimless wrongs, as well as standard interpretations of moral dumbfounding. The concept of dyadic completion also implies that moral dilemmas contrasting wrongness and harm might not reflect typical moral cognition.

Thursday, June 5, 2025

How peer influence shapes value computation in moral decision-making

Yu, H., Siegel, J. et al. (2021).
Cognition, 211, 104641.

Abstract

Moral behavior is susceptible to peer influence. How does information from peers influence moral preferences? We used drift-diffusion modeling to show that peer influence changes the value of moral behavior by prioritizing the choice attributes that align with peers' goals. Study 1 (N = 100; preregistered) showed that participants accurately inferred the goals of prosocial and antisocial peers when observing their moral decisions. In Study 2 (N = 68), participants made moral decisions before and after observing the decisions of a prosocial or antisocial peer. Peer observation caused participants' own preferences to resemble those of their peers. This peer influence effect on value computation manifested as an increased weight on choice attributes promoting the peers' goals that occurred independently from peer influence on initial choice bias. Participants' self-reported awareness of influence tracked more closely with computational measures of prosocial than antisocial influence. Our findings have implications for bolstering and blocking the effects of prosocial and antisocial influence on moral behavior.

Here are some thoughts:

Peer influence plays a significant role in shaping how people make moral decisions. Rather than simply copying others, individuals tend to adjust the way they value different aspects of a moral choice to align with the goals and preferences of their peers. This means that observing others’ moral behavior-whether prosocial or antisocial-can shift the importance people place on certain outcomes, such as helping others or personal gain, during their own decision-making process. Computational models, like the drift diffusion model, show that these changes occur at the level of value computation, not just as a surface-level bias. Interestingly, people are generally more aware of being influenced by positive (prosocial) peers than by negative (antisocial) ones. Overall, the findings highlight that social context can subtly and powerfully shape moral values and behavior.

Wednesday, June 4, 2025

Therapist drift redux: Why well-meaning clinicians fail to deliver evidence-based therapy, and how to get back on track.

Waller, G., & Turner, H. (2015).
Behaviour Research and Therapy, 77, 129–137.

Abstract

Therapist drift occurs when clinicians fail to deliver the optimum evidence-based treatment despite having the necessary tools, and is an important factor in why those therapies are commonly less effective than they should be in routine clinical practice. The research into this phenomenon has increased substantially over the past five years. This review considers the growing evidence of therapist drift. The reasons that we fail to implement evidence-based psychotherapies are considered, including our personalities, knowledge, emotions, beliefs, behaviours and social milieus. Finally, ideas are offered regarding how therapist drift might be halted, including a cognitive-behavioural approach for therapists that addresses the cognitions, emotions and behaviours that drive and maintain our avoidance of evidence-based treatments.

Highlights

• We consider the recent evidence that therapist drift is a common phenomenon in psychological therapies.
• We consider the reasons that therapist drift takes place.
• A cognitive-behavioural approach to overcoming therapist drift is outlined.

Here are some thoughts:

Therapist drift is when clinicians fail to deliver evidence-based treatments effectively, despite having the training and resources to do so.  This drift can occur consciously or unconsciously and results in patients receiving suboptimal care, reducing their chances of recovery.  Factors contributing to therapist drift include the therapist's knowledge, beliefs, emotions, personality, behaviors, and social environment.  Research indicates that therapist drift is a significant issue in delivering cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).  To address therapist drift, strategies incorporating a cognitive-behavioral approach may be beneficial, targeting the beliefs, emotions, and behaviors that lead therapists away from evidence-based practices. 

Tuesday, June 3, 2025

Bounded ethicality and ethical fading in negotiations: Understanding unintended unethical behavior.

Rees, M., Tenbrunsel, A., & Bazerman, M. (2018).
Academy of Management Perspectives, 33(1), 26–42.

Abstract

The business scandals of the past several decades have led to the rising importance of ethics as a topic central to management scholarship. Behavioral scientists in particular have been attracted to the topic in far greater numbers, and the study of ethical decision making has emerged as a core subfield (Messick & Tenbrunsel, 1996). This paper draws on that framework and applies it to negotiations, arguing that not all unethical behavior is intentional; rather, negotiators fall prey to bounded ethicality, engaging in behavior that is contradictory to their values without realizing that they are doing so. We further argue that ethical fading—when individuals do not see the ethical implications of the situation or their action—is central to explaining why this occurs. Relying on past empirical research, we identify negotiation cues that have been linked to unethical behavior, and explore how they make a negotiator particularly vulnerable to ethical fading, resulting in subsequent unethical behavior. We discuss several opportunities for future research in the negotiation discipline and other disciplines that draw on motivated social exchange or assume intentionality, and conclude with a call for scholars to define normative standards as they pertain to negotiator ethics.


Here are some thoughts:

The article explores how ethical failures in organizations often result not from intentional wrongdoing, but from cognitive limitations and unconscious biases that restrict individuals’ ability to act ethically. The authors argue that even well-intentioned people routinely engage in unethical behavior without realizing it due to bounded awareness—where individuals fail to see or act on all relevant ethical information. Factors such as implicit biases, motivated blindness, and outcome bias distort judgment and decision-making, making unethical actions seem acceptable. The article calls for greater structural and organizational changes, rather than solely relying on individual character or compliance efforts, to address these hidden ethical failures and promote more ethical behavior.

Monday, June 2, 2025

Religion, Spirituality, and Suicide

Knapp, S. (2024, September 25).
Society for the Advancement of Psychotherapy.

When evaluating suicidal patients, it is often indicated to ask them about their religious beliefs about suicide because many patients believe that their spiritual or religious beliefs1 are closely linked to their mental health (Yamada et al., 2020). For example, some patients in significant emotional distress say they would not kill themselves because their religion strongly condemns it. For them, religion includes a life-protecting belief that prohibits them from attempting suicide.  

Nonetheless, the relationship between religion, spirituality, and suicide goes deeper than just prohibitions against suicide. Instead, religious and spiritual beliefs influence how people care for themselves, interact with others, think about themselves, and interpret their life histories. For example, some people have religious or spiritual beliefs that command them to live their lives productively, express their talents and abilities, and show love for others while experiencing joy. For them, religion includes life-promoting beliefs that encourage them to flourish and thrive. 

The goals for treating suicidal patients are to keep them alive and to help them create lives worth living. While life-protecting beliefs may help keep many patients alive (at least temporarily), life-promoting beliefs help keep patients alive and also help them to create lives worth living. This article suggests ways psychologists can encourage life-promoting beliefs when working with suicidal patients.


Here are some thoughts:

The article explores the complex relationship between religious and spiritual beliefs and suicide risk. It highlights that while religious affiliation and spiritual practices can offer protective benefits against suicidal ideation and behavior, the impact varies based on individual experiences and contexts. Positive religious coping mechanisms—such as finding meaning, community support, and hope—are associated with reduced suicide risk. Conversely, negative religious coping, including feelings of punishment or abandonment by a higher power, may exacerbate distress and increase risk. The article emphasizes the importance for mental health professionals to assess and integrate clients' spiritual and religious dimensions into therapy, tailoring interventions to support each individual's unique belief system.

Sunday, June 1, 2025

Reconsidering Informed Consent for Trans-Identified Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults

Levine, S. B., Abbruzzese, E., & Mason, J. W. (2022).
Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 48(7), 706–727.

Abstract

In less than a decade, the western world has witnessed an unprecedented rise in the numbers of children and adolescents seeking gender transition. Despite the precedent of years of gender-affirmative care, the social, medical and surgical interventions are still based on very low-quality evidence. The many risks of these interventions, including medicalizing a temporary adolescent identity, have come into a clearer focus through an awareness of detransitioners. The risks of gender-affirmative care are ethically managed through a properly conducted informed consent process. Its elements—deliberate sharing of the hoped-for benefits, known risks and long-term outcomes, and alternative treatments—must be delivered in a manner that promotes comprehension. The process is limited by: erroneous professional assumptions; poor quality of the initial evaluations; and inaccurate and incomplete information shared with patients and their parents. We discuss data on suicide and present the limitations of the Dutch studies that have been the basis for interventions. Beliefs about gender-affirmative care need to be separated from the established facts. A proper informed consent process can both prepare parents and patients for the difficult choices that they must make and can ease professionals’ ethical tensions. Even when properly accomplished, however, some clinical circumstances exist that remain quite uncertain.

Here are some thoughts:

The article critiques the prevailing standards for obtaining informed consent in the context of gender-affirming medical interventions for minors and young adults. It argues that current practices often fail to adequately ensure that patients—and in many cases, their guardians—fully understand the long-term risks, uncertainties, and implications of puberty blockers, cross-sex hormones, and surgeries. The authors contend that the developmental immaturity of children and adolescents, combined with social pressures and sometimes incomplete psychological evaluations, undermines the ethical validity of consent. They advocate for a more cautious, evidence-informed, and ethically rigorous approach that prioritizes psychological exploration and long-term outcomes over immediate affirmation and medical intervention.