National Trends and Disparities in Suicidal Ideation, Attempts, and Health Care Utilization Among U.S. Adults

Samples, H., Cruz, N., Corr, A., & Akkas, F. (2024).

Psychiatric services (Washington, D.C.)

Advance online publication.

https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.20230466

Abstract

Objective: Recent trends in U.S. suicide rates underscore a need for research on the risk for suicidality. The authors aimed to estimate national trends in suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and health care utilization by using data from the 2015-2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health.

Methods: Logistic regression was used to estimate the adjusted odds of past-year suicidal ideation and, among individuals with ideation, past-year suicide attempts, with separate interaction models estimating time trends by sex, age, and race-ethnicity. Time trends were further examined with logistic regression to estimate annual prevalence, overall and by sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics. Logistic regression was used to estimate past-year general and mental health care utilization among adults with suicidal ideation. Analyses were survey weighted.

Results: Overall, 4.3% (N=13,195) of adults (N=214,505) reported suicidal ideation, and 13.0% (N=2,009) of those with ideation reported suicide attempts. Increases in prevalence of suicidal ideation, from 4.0% in 2015 to 4.9% in 2019, were significantly higher for young adults ages 18-25 years (p=0.001) than for older adults. Decreases in prevalence of suicide attempts among White adults (by 32.9%) were offset by increases among adults reporting Black (by 48.0%) and multiracial or other (by 82.3%) race-ethnicity. Less than half of adults with suicidal ideation (47.8%) received past-year mental health care, with significantly lower receipt for nearly all minoritized racial-ethnic groups, compared with White adults.

Conclusions: Widening racial-ethnic disparities in suicide attempts and lower mental health care utilization for minoritized groups underscore the importance of developing and implementing equity-focused, evidence-based suicide prevention strategies across health care settings.

Here are some thoughts: 

A recent study analyzed data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2015-2019) to estimate national trends in suicidal ideation, attempts, and healthcare utilization among U.S. adults. The study found that suicidal ideation increased significantly from 4.0% in 2015 to 4.9% in 2019, with young adults (18-25) showing the highest increase. This age group demonstrated a 21.7% increase in suicidal ideation over the study period.

The prevalence of suicide attempts decreased among White adults by 32.9%, but increased among Black adults by 48.0% and multiracial/other adults by 82.3%. These findings highlight widening racial-ethnic disparities in suicide risk. Additionally, less than half of adults with suicidal ideation received mental health care, with significantly lower utilization among minority groups.

The study identified risk factors for suicidal ideation and attempts, including younger age, unemployment, LGBTQ+ orientation, and sedative/tranquilizer use disorder. These findings emphasize the importance of accounting for a range of factors in surveillance and prevention activities. Notably, age had one of the strongest associations with both ideation and attempts.

The study's results underscore the urgent need for equity-focused, evidence-based suicide prevention strategies. This includes addressing racial-ethnic disparities in suicide risk and healthcare utilization, increasing access to mental health care, particularly for young adults and minority groups, and reducing barriers to mental health care. Implementing suicide prevention interventions in general healthcare settings is also critical.

The study acknowledges limitations, including sampling limitations (e.g., unhoused, institutionalized individuals), potential underreporting of sensitive topics, and observational data limitations. Despite these limitations, the study provides valuable insights into trends in suicidal ideation, attempts, and healthcare utilization, highlighting the need for targeted interventions to address growing suicide risk.

Physician Posttraumatic Stress Disorder During COVID-19

Kamra, M., Dhaliwal, S., et al. (2024).

JAMA Network Open, 7(7), e2423316.

https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.23316

Abstract

Importance  The COVID-19 pandemic placed many physicians in situations of increased stress and challenging resource allocation decisions. Insight into the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in physicians and its risk factors during the COVID-19 pandemic will guide interventions to prevent its development.

Objective  To determine the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among physicians during the COVID-19 pandemic and examine variations based on factors, such as sex, age, medical specialty, and career stage.

Data Sources  A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses–compliant systematic review was conducted, searching MEDLINE, Embase, and PsychInfo, from December 2019 to November 2022. Search terms included MeSH (medical subject heading) terms and keywords associated with physicians as the population and PTSD.

Conclusions and Relevance  In this meta-analysis examining PTSD during COVID-19, 18.3% of physicians reported symptoms consistent with PTSD, with a higher risk in female physicians, older physiciansy, and trainees, and with variation by specialty. Targeted interventions to support physician well-being during traumatic events like pandemics are required.

Key Points

Question  What is the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among physicians during the COVID-19 pandemic, and how does this vary based on factors such as sex?

Findings  In this systematic review and meta-analysis of 57 studies with 28 965 participants, a higher PTSD prevalence among physicians was found compared with the reported literature on the prevalence before the COVID-19 pandemic and the general population. Women and medical trainees were significantly more likely to develop PTSD, and emergency and family medicine specialties tended to report higher prevalence.

Meaning  These findings suggest that physicians were more likely to experience PTSD during the COVID-19 pandemic, which highlights the importance of further research and policy reform to uphold physician wellness practices.

Privacy and Awareness in Human-AI Relationships

Register, C., Khan, M. A., et al. (2024).

Pre-print.

Abstract

Relationships between humans and artificial intelligence (AI) raise new concerns about privacy. AI raises new threats to privacy as it becomes more like humans in language and appearance, more observant, and more inferentially powerful. As humans increasingly form relationships with AI, we expose ourselves in new ways to technology that we don’t fully understand. Further, if AI is given the capacity for some type of awareness, it may be able to infringe privacy in radically new ways. Drawing from recent empirical work in psychology and from the contextual integrity theory of privacy, this article analyzes some of the ways that human-AI relationships may threaten values that privacy functions to promote. We then propose six tentative policies to guide the design and development of AI products to mitigate these threats to privacy.

A pre-print is here.

Here are some thoughts:

The increasing integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into daily life raises significant concerns regarding privacy, particularly as AI becomes more human-like in language and appearance. As humans form relationships with AI, they expose themselves in new and often unintended ways to technology that remains complex and not fully understood. The potential for AI to possess some form of awareness introduces the possibility of radically new privacy infringements. Drawing from recent empirical research in psychology and the contextual integrity theory of privacy, this analysis explores how these human-AI relationships may threaten the fundamental values that privacy aims to protect.

To address these emerging threats, we propose six tentative policies aimed at guiding the design and development of AI products to better safeguard privacy. Currently, AI systems are already prevalent in our lives, collecting vast amounts of information, and their observational capabilities are expected to expand further. This growing presence of observational AI poses a significant risk to privacy, which is likely to intensify as relationships between humans and AI deepen. The specific implications for privacy ethics remain challenging to predict, influenced by both technological advancements and the nuanced psychology underlying human-AI interactions. While we have outlined various ways in which AI may impact privacy and suggested policies to mitigate potential harms, there is still much work to be done to foresee and adequately address the privacy risks that lie ahead. Balancing the progress of AI with robust privacy protections will be crucial in navigating this evolving landscape.

Infants’ psychophysiological responses to eye contact with a human and with a humanoid robot

Linnunsalo, S., et al. (2024).

Biological Psychology, 108858.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108858

Abstract

Eye contact with a human and with a humanoid robot elicits attention- and affect-related psychophysiological responses. However, these responses have mostly been studied in adults, leaving their developmental origin poorly understood. In this study, 114 infants (6–8 months old) viewed direct and averted gaze directions of a live human and an embodied humanoid robot while their heart rate deceleration (attention orienting), skin conductance (affective arousal), and facial muscle activity (affective valence) were measured. In addition, a non-humanoid object (a vase) was used as a control stimulus. Infants’ attention orienting was stronger to averted versus direct gaze of a human and a robot, but indifferent to the averted versus direct orientation of the non-humanoid object. Moreover, infants’ attention orienting was equally intensive toward a human and a robot, but less intensive toward a non-humanoid object. Affective arousal was insensitive to gaze direction and did not differ between the human, the robot, and the non-humanoid object. Facial muscle responses showed sensitivity to the gaze direction of a human and of a robot but not to the orientation of the non-humanoid object. These results suggest that infants recognize the attentional and affective/affiliative significance not only in a human’s gaze but also in a robot’s gaze.

Highlights

• We investigated infants’ psychophysiological responses to eye contact.

• Infants viewed direct and averted gaze of a live human and of a humanoid robot.

• Heart rate deceleration, skin conductance and facial electromyography were measured.

• Responses were sensitive to the gaze direction of a human and of a humanoid robot.

The article is paywalled here.

Here are some thoughts:

This research explores how infants aged 6 to 8 months respond to eye contact from both humans and humanoid robots, highlighting the importance of eye contact in early social development. The study found that infants recognize the social significance of eye contact not only from human faces but also from humanoid robots, indicating an early ability to engage socially. Interestingly, while infants looked longer at both the human and robot stimuli compared to a non-interactive vase, their looking times did not differ between direct and averted gazes, suggesting they were equally engaged by both.

The researchers observed that infants’ heart rates slowed more in response to averted gazes, which may signal an emerging capacity for joint attention—an essential component of social skills. Additionally, facial muscle activity revealed that infants’ cheek muscles, associated with smiling, were more active during direct eye contact, while eyebrow muscles linked to concentration showed increased activity with averted gazes. This pattern suggests that infants may interpret eye contact as a positive social cue while simultaneously focusing on where others are looking.

Involving 114 infants, the study presented them with a human, a humanoid robot named Nao, and a vase, using live stimuli to enhance realism. Researchers recorded infants’ reactions through eye-tracking, heart rate measurements, and facial muscle activity. The findings indicated that infants respond similarly to the eye contact of humanoid robots and humans, suggesting that even at a young age, they may interpret robotic social cues similarly to human interactions. However, the study also noted that emotional arousal related to eye contact might develop later as infants gain more social experience.

Despite these insights, the study had limitations, particularly concerning the use of a vase as a control stimulus, which lacked eyes. This raises questions about whether infants' responses were driven solely by the robots' human-like features or their social behaviors. These findings are significant as humanoid robots become increasingly integrated into caregiving and educational settings, underscoring the need to understand how infants perceive and interact with these artificial agents.

Care robot literacy: integrating AI ethics and technological literacy in contemporary healthcare

Turja, T., et al.

AI Ethics (2024). 

https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-024-00576-6

Abstract

Healthcare work is guided by care ethics, and any technological changes, including the use of robots and artificial intelligence (AI), must comply with existing norms, values and work practices. By bridging technological literacy and AI ethics, this study provides a nuanced definition and an integrative conceptualization of care robot literacy (CRL) for contemporary care work. Robotized care tasks require new orientation and qualifications on the part of employees. CRL is considered as one of these new demands, which requires practitioners to have the resources, skills and understanding necessary to work with robots. This study builds on sociotechnical approach of literacy by highlighting a dynamic relationship of care robotization in which successful human–technology interaction relies on exchanges between the technological and the social. Our findings from directed content analysis and theoretical synthesis of in-demand technological literacy and AI ethics in care work emphasize competencies and situational awareness regarding both using the robot and communicating about the care robot. The initial conceptualization of CRL provides a conceptual framework for future studies, implementation and product development of care robots, drastically differing from studying, implementing and developing robots in general. In searching for technologically sound and ethically compliant solutions, the study advocates for the future significance of context-specific CRL as valuable addition to the terminology of ethical AI in healthcare.

Here are some thoughts:

Healthcare work is fundamentally guided by care ethics, which must be upheld as robots and artificial intelligence (AI) are integrated into care settings. Any technological advancements in healthcare must align with existing norms, values, and work practices to ensure that ethical care delivery is maintained. This highlights the importance of a thoughtful approach to the incorporation of technology in healthcare environments.

A novel concept emerging from this discourse is Care Robot Literacy (CRL), which bridges technological literacy and AI ethics. CRL encompasses the resources, skills, and understanding necessary for healthcare practitioners to work effectively with robots in their care practices. As robotized care tasks require new orientations and qualifications from employees, CRL becomes essential for equipping practitioners with the competencies needed to navigate this evolving landscape.

This study adopts a sociotechnical approach to CRL, emphasizing the dynamic relationship between care robotization and human-technology interaction. Successful integration of robots in healthcare relies on effective exchanges between technological capabilities and social factors. This interplay is crucial for fostering an environment where both patients and practitioners can benefit from technological advancements.

Key components of CRL include practical skills for operating robots and the ability to communicate about their use within care settings. These competencies are vital for ensuring that healthcare workers can not only utilize robotic systems effectively but also articulate their roles and benefits to patients and colleagues alike.

The implications of CRL extend beyond mere technical skills; it serves as a valuable occupational asset that encompasses digital proficiency, ethical awareness, and situational understanding. These elements are critical for supporting patient safety and well-being, particularly in an increasingly automated healthcare environment where the quality of care must remain a top priority.

Looking ahead, the initial conceptualization of CRL provides a framework for future studies, implementation strategies, and product development specific to care robots. As healthcare seeks technologically sound and ethically compliant solutions, CRL is positioned to become an integral part of the terminology and practice surrounding ethical AI in healthcare. 

Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempts After Direct or Indirect Psychotherapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

van Ballegooijen, et al. (2024).

JAMA psychiatry, e242854.

Advance online publication.

https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.2854

Abstract

Importance: Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts are debilitating mental health problems that are often treated with indirect psychotherapy (ie, psychotherapy that focuses on other mental health problems, such as depression or personality disorders). The effects of direct and indirect psychotherapy on suicidal ideation have not yet been examined in a meta-analysis, and several trials have been published since a previous meta-analysis examined the effect size of direct and indirect psychotherapy on suicide attempts.

Objective: To investigate the effect sizes of direct and indirect psychotherapy on suicidal ideation and the incidence of suicide attempts.

Data sources: PubMed, Embase, PsycInfo, Web of Science, Scopus, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for articles published up until April 1, 2023.

Results: Of 15 006 studies identified, 147 comprising 193 comparisons and 11 001 participants were included. Direct and indirect psychotherapy conditions were associated with reduced suicidal ideation (direct: g, -0.39; 95% CI, -0.53 to -0.24; I2, 83.2; indirect: g, -0.30; 95% CI, -0.42 to -0.18; I2, 52.2). Direct and indirect psychotherapy conditions were also associated with reduced suicide attempts (direct: RR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.62 to 0.84; I2, 40.5; indirect: RR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.48 to 0.95; I2, 0). Sensitivity analyses largely confirmed these results.

Conclusions and relevance: Direct and indirect interventions had similar effect sizes for reducing suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Suicide prevention strategies could make greater use of indirect treatments to provide effective interventions for people who would not likely seek treatment for suicidal ideation or self-harm.

My interpretation:

A recent systematic review and meta-analysis found that both direct (focused on suicidal thoughts and behaviors) and indirect (treating related issues like depression) psychotherapies can significantly reduce suicidal ideation and suicide attempts, suggesting that even treatments not explicitly targeting suicide can still be effective in lowering suicide risk; however, the effect sizes between direct and indirect interventions were similar, indicating that directly addressing suicidal thoughts may not necessarily provide a greater benefit compared to treating associated symptoms. This findings is inconsistent with other research and practice recommendations.

Remember That DNA You Gave 23andMe?

Kristen V. Brown

The Atlantic

Originally published 27 Sept 24

23andMe is not doing well. Its stock is on the verge of being delisted. It shut down its in-house drug-development unit last month, only the latest in several rounds of layoffs. Last week, the entire board of directors quit, save for Anne Wojcicki, a co-founder and the company’s CEO. Amid this downward spiral, Wojcicki has said she’ll consider selling 23andMe—which means the DNA of 23andMe’s 15 million customers would be up for sale, too.

23andMe’s trove of genetic data might be its most valuable asset. For about two decades now, since human-genome analysis became quick and common, the A’s, C’s, G’s, and T’s of DNA have allowed long-lost relatives to connect, revealed family secrets, and helped police catch serial killers. Some people’s genomes contain clues to what’s making them sick, or even, occasionally, how their disease should be treated. For most of us, though, consumer tests don’t have much to offer beyond a snapshot of our ancestors’ roots and confirmation of the traits we already know about. (Yes, 23andMe, my eyes are blue.) 23andMe is floundering in part because it hasn’t managed to prove the value of collecting all that sensitive, personal information. And potential buyers may have very different ideas about how to use the company’s DNA data to raise the company’s bottom line. This should concern anyone who has used the service.

The info is paywalled here.

Here are some thoughts:

Privacy and Data Security

The potential sale of 23andMe, including its vast database of genetic information from 15 million customers, is deeply troubling from a privacy perspective. Genetic data is highly sensitive and personal, containing information not just about individuals but also their relatives. The fact that this data could change hands without clear protections or consent from customers is alarming.

Consent and Transparency

23andMe's privacy policies allow for changes in data usage terms, which means customers who provided DNA samples under one set of expectations may find their data used in ways they never anticipated or agreed to. This lack of long-term control over one's genetic information raises serious questions about informed consent.

Commercialization of Personal Health Data

The company's struggle to monetize its genetic database highlights the ethical challenges of commercializing personal health information. While genetic data can be valuable for medical research and drug development, using it primarily as a financial asset rather than for the benefit of individuals or public health is ethically questionable.

Regulatory Gaps

Unlike traditional healthcare providers, 23andMe is not bound by HIPAA regulations, leaving a significant gap in legal protections for this sensitive data. This regulatory vacuum underscores the need for updated laws that address the unique challenges posed by large-scale genetic databases.

Implications and Conclusion

The potential sale of 23andMe sets a concerning precedent for how genetic data might be treated in corporate transactions. It raises questions about the long-term security and use of personal genetic information, especially as our understanding of genetics and its applications in healthcare continue to evolve.

In conclusion, the 23andMe situation serves as a stark reminder of the complex ethical landscape surrounding genetic testing and data. It highlights the urgent need for stronger regulations, more transparent practices, and a broader societal discussion about the appropriate use and protection of genetic information.

Picture Imperfect

Charles Piller

Science

Originally published 26 Sept 24

In 2016, when the U.S. Congress unleashed a flood of new funding for Alzheimer’s disease research, the National Institute on Aging (NIA) tapped veteran brain researcher Eliezer Masliah as a key leader for the effort. He took the helm at the agency’s Division of Neuroscience, whose budget—$2.6 billion in the last fiscal year—dwarfs the rest of NIA combined.

As a leading federal ambassador to the research community and a chief adviser to NIA Director Richard Hodes, Masliah would gain tremendous influence over the study and treatment of neurological conditions in the United States and beyond. He saw the appointment as his career capstone. Masliah told the online discussion site Alzforum that “the golden era of Alzheimer’s research” was coming and he was eager to help NIA direct its bounty. “I am fully committed to this effort. It is a historical moment.”

Masliah appeared an ideal selection. The physician and neuropathologist conducted research at the University of California San Diego (UCSD) for decades, and his drive, curiosity, and productivity propelled him into the top ranks of scholars on Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. His roughly 800 research papers, many on how those conditions damage synapses, the junctions between neurons, have made him one of the most cited scientists in his field. His work on topics including alpha-synuclein—a protein linked to both diseases—continues to influence basic and clinical science.

But over the past 2 years questions have arisen about some of Masliah’s research. A Science investigation has now found that scores of his lab studies at UCSD and NIA are riddled with apparently falsified Western blots—images used to show the presence of proteins—and micrographs of brain tissue. Numerous images seem to have been inappropriately reused within and across papers, sometimes published years apart in different journals, describing divergent experimental conditions.

The info is here.

Here are some thoughts:

In 2016, Eliezer Masliah was appointed as the director of the National Institute on Aging's (NIA) Division of Neuroscience. This appointment came at a time when Congress significantly increased funding for Alzheimer's disease research. Masliah, a veteran brain researcher, was seen as an ideal choice due to his extensive experience and prolific research output, with approximately 800 published papers.

A recent investigation by Science has uncovered potential research misconduct in Masliah's work. The investigation found issues with images in 132 of his published research papers between 1997 and 2023. These issues include apparently falsified Western blots and micrographs of brain tissue, as well as inappropriate reuse of images across different papers.

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) conducted its own investigation and found evidence of research misconduct by Masliah. The NIH investigation specifically identified issues with images in two studies co-authored by Masliah. As a result, Masliah is no longer serving as the director of NIA's neuroscience division.

Masliah's research has been influential in the development and testing of experimental drugs for neurodegenerative diseases. For example, his work contributed to the approval of clinical trials for prasinezumab, an antibody targeting alpha-synuclein in Parkinson's disease. However, the drug showed no benefit compared to placebo in a trial of 316 Parkinson's patients.

The allegations of misconduct have shocked the neuroscience community. Eleven neuroscientists who reviewed the dossier of suspect work for Science expressed disbelief at the scale of the apparent problems. Many called for thorough investigations by NIH, scholarly journals, funders, and the University of California San Diego, where Masliah conducted much of his research.

The questions raised about Masliah's research have potentially far-reaching implications for the fields of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease research. Given Masliah's influential position and the large number of citations his work has received, the integrity of a significant body of research in these areas may now be called into question.

Are clinicians ethically obligated to disclose their use of medical machine learning systems to patients?

Hatherley, J. (2024).

Journal of Medical Ethics, jme-109905.

https://doi.org/10.1136/jme-2024-109905

Abstract

It is commonly accepted that clinicians are ethically obligated to disclose their use of medical machine learning systems to patients, and that failure to do so would amount to a moral fault for which clinicians ought to be held accountable. Call this ‘the disclosure thesis.’ Four main arguments have been, or could be, given to support the disclosure thesis in the ethics literature: the risk-based argument, the rights-based argument, the materiality argument and the autonomy argument. In this article, I argue that each of these four arguments are unconvincing, and therefore, that the disclosure thesis ought to be rejected. I suggest that mandating disclosure may also even risk harming patients by providing stakeholders with a way to avoid accountability for harm that results from improper applications or uses of these systems.

A pdf preprint is here.

Here are some thoughts:

The ethical obligation for clinicians to disclose their use of medical machine learning (ML) systems—known as the 'disclosure thesis'—is widely accepted in healthcare. However, this presentation challenges the validity of this thesis by critically examining four main arguments that support it: the risk-based, rights-based, materiality, and autonomy arguments. Each of these arguments has significant shortcomings. 

The risk-based argument suggests that disclosure mitigates risks associated with ML systems, but it does not adequately address the complexities of risk management in clinical practice. The rights-based argument posits that patients have a right to know about ML usage, yet this right may not translate into meaningful patient understanding or improved outcomes. Similarly, the materiality argument claims that disclosure is necessary for informed consent, but it risks overwhelming patients with information that might not be actionable. Lastly, the autonomy argument asserts that disclosure enhances patient autonomy; however, it could inadvertently diminish autonomy by creating a false sense of security.

The article concludes that mandating disclosure may lead to unintended consequences, such as reducing accountability for harm resulting from improper ML applications. Clinicians and stakeholders might misuse disclosure as a protective measure against responsibility, thus failing to address the underlying issues. Moving forward, the focus should shift from mere disclosure to establishing robust accountability frameworks that genuinely protect patients and foster meaningful understanding of the technologies involved.

Pennsylvania health system agrees to $65 million settlement after hackers leaked nude photos of cancer patients

Sean Lyngass

CNN.com

Originally posted 23 Sept 24

A Pennsylvania health care system this month agreed to pay $65 million to victims of a February 2023 ransomware attack after hackers posted nude photos of cancer patients online, according to the victims’ lawyers.

It’s the largest settlement of its kind in terms of per-patient compensation for victims of a cyberattack, according to Saltz Mongeluzzi Bendesky, a law firm that for the plaintiffs.

The settlement, which is subject to approval by a judge, is a warning to other big US health care providers that the most sensitive patient records they hold are of enormous value to both hackers and the patients themselves, health care cyber experts told CNN. Eighty percent of the $65-million settlement is set aside for victims whose nude photos were published online.

The settlement “shifts the legal, insurance and adversarial ecosystem,” said Carter Groome, chief executive of cybersecurity firm First Health Advisory. “If you’re protecting health data as a crown jewel — as you should be — images or photos are going to need another level of compartmentalized protection.”

It’s a potentially continuous cycle where hackers increasingly seek out the most sensitive patient data to steal, and health care providers move to settle claims out of courts to avoid “ongoing reputational harm,” Groome told CNN.

According to the lawsuit, a cybercriminal gang stole nude photos of cancer patients last year from Lehigh Valley Health Network, which comprises 15 hospitals and health centers in eastern Pennsylvania. The hackers demanded a ransom payment and when Lehigh refused to pay, they leaked the photos online.

The lawsuit, filed on behalf of a Pennsylvania woman and others whose nude photos were posted online, said that Lehigh Valley Health Network needed to be held accountable “for the embarrassment and humiliation” it had caused plaintiffs.

“Patient, physician, and staff privacy is among our top priorities, and we continue to enhance our defenses to prevent incidents in the future,” Lehigh Valley Health Network said in a statement to CNN on Monday.

The info is here.

Here are some thoughts:

The ransomware attack on Lehigh Valley Health Network raises significant ethical and healthcare concerns. The exposure of nude photos of cancer patients is a profound breach of trust and privacy, causing significant emotional distress and psychological harm. Healthcare providers have a duty of care to protect patient data and must be held accountable for their failure to do so. The decision to pay a ransom is ethically complex, as it can incentivize further attacks and potentially jeopardize patient safety. The frequency and severity of ransomware attacks highlight the urgent need for stronger cybersecurity measures in the healthcare sector. By addressing these ethical and practical considerations, healthcare organizations can better safeguard patient information and ensure the delivery of high-quality care.

Real-Time Exposure to Negative News Media and Suicidal Ideation Intensity Among LGBTQ+ Young Adults

Clark, K. A., Kellerman, J. K., et al. (2024).

JAMA Pediatrics.

https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2024.3133

Abstract

Importance  With a recent surge in anti–lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer (LGBTQ+) policies and associated news and media coverage, there is a need to study the association of LGBTQ+ focused news or media exposure and short-term changes in suicidal ideation (SI) among LGBTQ+ youth.

Objective  To examine within-person direct and indirect associations between exposure to general and LGBTQ+ negative news or media and SI intensity through expectations of rejection.

Conclusions and Relevance  This intensive longitudinal cohort study found that SI intensity modestly increased in the hours immediately following exposure to LGBTQ+ negative news or media among LGBTQ+ young adults. These findings have timely implications for research and intervention, particularly within sociopolitical and geographic contexts where news or media coverage about LGBTQ+ topics is intensified.

Key Points

Question  Is real-time exposure to negative news or media (eg, a news headline) associated with short-term changes in suicidal ideation (SI) intensity among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer (LGBTQ+) young adults?

Findings  In this intensive longitudinal cohort study of 31 LGBTQ+ young adults aged 18 to 24 years, participants completed 3 assessments per day for 28 consecutive days, resulting in 2189 total assessments. Real-time exposure to LGBTQ+ negative news or media, but not general negative news or media, was significantly associated with heightened intensity of active SI, passive SI, and self-harm ideation.

Meaning  These findings suggest that SI intensity may modestly increase in the hours immediately following identity-specific, but not general, negative news or media exposure among LGBTQ+ young adults.

The article is paywalled.

Here are some thoughts:

This intensive longitudinal cohort study conducted in Tennessee examined the impact of negative LGBTQ+ news and media exposure on suicidal ideation (SI) among LGBTQ+ young adults. The findings revealed that participants reported exposure to negative LGBTQ+ news and media in 11.8% of total assessments over the 28-day study period. Notably, recent exposure to LGBTQ+ negative news and media was associated with a small but statistically significant increase in the intensity of active SI, passive SI, and self-harm ideation. Importantly, no significant associations were observed with exposure to general negative news and media, underscoring the unique impact of identity-specific negative media. Furthermore, a moderate proportion of the association between LGBTQ+ negative media exposure and SI intensity was mediated by expectations of rejection. The study also found stronger associations among participants who reported some active SI during the study period, indicating heightened vulnerability.

The context of this study is particularly relevant given the sociopolitical climate in Tennessee during the data collection period, which coincided with the introduction of numerous bills targeting LGBTQ+ residents. These findings suggest that interventions targeting media organizations could promote responsible reporting practices and increase awareness of the potential suicidogenic impact of negative LGBTQ+ news coverage. Additionally, the study contributes to the growing body of evidence documenting the mental health harms associated with policies that restrict LGBTQ+ visibility and rights, while also highlighting that inclusive and affirming policies are linked to mental health benefits.

From a clinical perspective, the results indicate that routinely assessing the impact of negative media exposure among LGBTQ+ young adults receiving clinical services may be warranted, especially during periods of heightened negative public discourse. Implementing LGBTQ+ affirmative cognitive behavioral therapy could help these individuals cope with minority stress experiences, particularly in high-stigma contexts.

However, the study does have several limitations. It did not assess the type or content of negative media exposure, which could influence SI intensity. The generalizability of the findings may be constrained due to a relatively small sample size from one Southern state, and the focus was solely on SI intensity rather than suicidal behavior. Additionally, the study did not evaluate positive news and media exposure, which could also play a role in mental health outcomes. Lastly, due to sample size constraints, it was not possible to explore potential heterogeneity of effects across different social identities. Overall, this study provides rigorous evidence of the impact of negative LGBTQ+ news and media on mental health among LGBTQ+ young adults, emphasizing the need for responsible media practices and supportive policies and interventions.

Is It Better to Be Happy or Right? Examining the Relative Role of the Pragmatic and Epistemic Imperatives in Momentary Affective Evaluations

Raz, I., Reggev, N., & Gilead, M. (2024).

Emotion, 24(6), 1343–1357.

https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0001349

Abstract

According to research highlighting the importance of predictions, the confirmation of expectations may be a positively-laden experience. A strong test of this principle is the case of the “doomsayer’s delight”: the possibility that belief confirmation can be rewarding even when negative expectations are realized. In order to investigate this idea, we conducted two high-powered experiments examining people’s immediate affective reactions following exposure to expected or unexpected positive and negative stimuli. The results show that people feel significantly worse when their pessimistic expectations are confirmed than when their optimistic expectations are violated. This finding was not moderated by several theoretically relevant individual difference measures or temporal dynamics. Findings from this study contribute to our understanding of the interplay between epistemic and pragmatic motivations in guiding emotional responses.

Here are some thoughts:

This research has importance to psychotherapy. The study's findings challenge traditional theories about emotional responses to expectation confirmation, particularly in the context of negative outcomes. This is crucial for clinical psychologists as it provides new insights into how individuals process and react to negative events, which is fundamental in treating various mental health conditions. The research suggests that confirming pessimistic expectations actually leads to worse feelings than unexpected negative events, contradicting the notion of "doomsayer's delight." This understanding can help clinicians develop more effective therapeutic approaches for patients with anxiety, depression, or other disorders characterized by negative thought patterns.

The study's emphasis on the interplay between epistemic (knowledge-driven) and pragmatic (practical) motivations in shaping emotional responses offers a more nuanced framework for understanding human emotions. This perspective can inform cognitive-behavioral therapies, helping psychologists address both the cognitive and practical aspects of their patients' emotional experiences. Additionally, the research's exploration of immediate emotional reactions provides valuable information about the initial stages of emotional processing, which can be particularly relevant in treating acute stress reactions or developing early intervention strategies.

Furthermore, the study's findings on individual differences and the complexity of emotional experiences underscore the importance of personalized treatment approaches. Clinical psychologists can use this information to tailor their interventions to each patient's unique emotional response patterns, potentially improving treatment outcomes. The research also highlights the role of cognitive processing time in emotional responses, which could have implications for techniques like mindfulness or cognitive restructuring used in therapy.

Lastly, the study's methodology and findings contribute to the broader understanding of human emotional processes, which is fundamental to clinical psychology practice. By challenging existing theories and providing new perspectives on how people respond to negative events, this research encourages clinicians to continually update their knowledge and adapt their therapeutic approaches based on the latest empirical evidence.

National politics ignites more talk of morality and power than local politics

Dillion, D., et al. (2024).

PNAS Nexus, 3(9).

https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae345

Abstract

Politics and the media in the United States are increasingly nationalized, and this changes how we talk about politics. Instead of reading the local news and discussing local events, people are more often consuming national media and discussing national issues. Unlike local politics, which can rely on shared concrete knowledge about the region, national politics must coordinate large groups of people with little in common. To provide this coordination, we find that national-level political discussions rely upon different themes than local-level discussions, using more abstract, moralized, and power-centric language. The higher prevalence of abstract, moralized, and power-centric language in national vs. local politics was found in political speeches, politician Tweets, and Reddit discussions. These national-level linguistic features lead to broader engagement with political messages, but they also foster more anger and negativity. These findings suggest that the nationalization of politics and the media may contribute to rising partisan animosity.

Here are some thoughts:

In recent years, American politics has undergone a significant transformation, becoming increasingly divisive and focused on national issues at the expense of local concerns. Researchers have identified a key factor contributing to this shift: the reliance on moral, power-centric, and abstract language in national politics. This linguistic style serves as a unifying framework, capturing attention and coordinating opinions across broad and diverse audiences.

Studies have revealed striking differences in language styles between national and local politics. Across various mediums, including politician speeches, Twitter, and Reddit, national politics consistently employs more moral, power-centric, and abstract language. Furthermore, this language style fosters widespread engagement, but also cultivates anger and negativity. Notably, politicians and individuals adapt their language depending on the context, using more moralized language in national settings than local ones.

These findings have significant implications for our understanding of the nationalization of politics and its consequences. The shift towards national politics may contribute to increased polarization and division, highlighting the need for further research into the effectiveness of abstract, moralized, and power-centric language in different contexts. Additionally, exploring how these dynamics play out in more homogeneous societies could provide valuable insights.

Ultimately, recognizing the benefits and drawbacks of national politics' reliance on moral, power-centric language is crucial. While it unites people and encourages participation, it also diverts attention from important local issues and fosters animosity. By understanding these complexities, we can work towards more effective coordination and communication in diverse groups, minimizing conflict and promoting constructive engagement.

Discrimination in Medical Settings across Populations: Evidence from the All of Us Research Program.

Wang, V. H., Cuevas, A. G., et al. (2024).

American Journal of Preventive Medicine.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2024.05.018

Abstract

Introduction

Discrimination in medical settings (DMS) contributes to healthcare disparities in the United States, but few studies have determined the extent of DMS in a large national sample and across different populations. This study estimated the national prevalence of DMS and described demographic and health-related characteristics associated with experiencing DMS in seven different situations.

Methods

Survey data from 41,875 adults participating in the All of Us Research Program collected in 2021–2022 and logistic regression were used to examine the association between sociodemographic and health-related characteristics and self-reported DMS among adults engaged with a healthcare provider within the past 12 months. Statistical analysis was performed in 2023–2024.

Results

About 36.89% of adults reported having experienced at least one DMS situation. Adults with relative social and medical disadvantages had higher prevalence of experiencing DMS. Compared to their counterparts, respondents with higher odds of experiencing DMS in at least one situation identified as female, non-Hispanic Black, having at least some college, living in the South, renter, having other living arrangement, being publicly insured, not having a usual source of care, having multiple chronic conditions, having any disability, and reporting fair or poor health, p<0.05.

Conclusions

The findings indicate a high prevalence of DMS, particularly among some population groups. Characterizing DMS may be a valuable tool for identifying populations at risk within the healthcare system and optimizing the overall patient care experience. Implementing relevant policies remains an essential strategy for mitigating the prevalence of DMS and reducing healthcare disparities.

The article is paywalled here.

Here are some thoughts:

A recent national study revealed alarming rates of discrimination in healthcare settings, affecting approximately 37% of U.S. adults. Disproportionately impacted groups include women, Black and Hispanic individuals, those with limited English proficiency, renters, publicly insured or uninsured individuals, and those with chronic conditions or disabilities. These populations face higher odds of experiencing discrimination in healthcare settings, perpetuating existing health disparities.

The study highlights the intersectionality of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status as a critical factor in exposure to discrimination. Furthermore, specific situations drive experiences of discrimination for certain populations, such as lack of respect or poor communication from healthcare providers.

To address these disparities, healthcare institutions are developing implicit bias training, though research suggests modest effectiveness. Coupling bias training with reflective exercises or perspective-taking may enhance efficacy. Additionally, promoting diversity within the healthcare workforce and policy interventions, such as the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems survey, can help monitor and improve patient-provider relationships.

However, the current survey lacks components measuring discrimination. Incorporating these measures can inform national trends, identify vulnerable populations, and guide targeted interventions. Study limitations include data collection during the COVID-19 pandemic and potential underestimation of discrimination due to measurement constraints.

Key Takeaways:

• 37% of U.S. adults experience discrimination in healthcare settings
• Disproportionate impact on vulnerable populations
• Intersectionality of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status exacerbates disparities
• Targeted interventions and policy changes are necessary to address discrimination
• Measuring discrimination in healthcare settings is crucial for improvement

Recommendations:

• Develop effective bias training programs
• Promote diversity within the healthcare workforce
• Incorporate discrimination measures into national surveys
• Tailor interventions to address specific experiences of discrimination
• Foster patient-centered care to reduce healthcare disparities

Liberal-conservative asymmetries in anti-democratic tendencies are partly explained by psychological differences in a nationally representative U.S. sample

De Oliveira Santos, D., & Jost, J. T. (2024).

Communications Psychology, 2(1).

https://doi.org/10.1038/s44271-024-00096-3

Abstract

Based on theory and research in political psychology, we hypothesized that liberal-conservative differences in right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and political system justification would contribute to asymmetries in anti-democratic tendencies. These hypotheses were tested in a nationally representative survey of U.S. adults (N = 1557). Results revealed that conservatives were less supportive of political equality and legal rights and guarantees and more willing to defect from democratic “rules of the game” and vote for anti-democratic candidates, even after adjusting for political extremism. Mediational analyses suggested that conservatives’ anti-democratic tendencies were partially attributable to higher levels of right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation. Conservatives also scored higher in political system justification, which was associated with support for free speech and mitigated anti-democratic tendencies. Democrats and Republicans who approved January 6, 2021, insurrectionists were more conservative and higher in right-wing authoritarianism than those who did not. Implications for social psychology and society are discussed.

The research is here.

Here are some thoughts:

This research study investigated ideological asymmetries in pro- and anti-democratic sentiments among a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults. The findings revealed that conservatives were less supportive of political equality and legal rights, and more willing to deviate from democratic norms and vote for anti-democratic candidates, even after accounting for political extremism.

These anti-democratic tendencies were partially attributed to higher levels of right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO) among conservatives. Interestingly, conservatives also scored higher in political system justification (PSJ), which was associated with support for free speech and mitigated anti-democratic tendencies.

The study examined seven different indicators of pro- and anti-democratic sentiment, providing a comprehensive view of how political orientation affects various aspects of democratic support. Mediational analyses showed that RWA and SDO significantly mediated the negative effects of political conservatism on democratic principles, while PSJ played a role in maintaining support for democratic norms.

The research also explored attitudes towards the January 6, 2021 insurrectionists, finding that both Democrats and Republicans who approved of them were more conservative and higher in RWA than those who disapproved.

Overall, this study provides evidence of an ideological asymmetry in adherence to democratic norms and principles in the United States, contributing to our understanding of the relationship between political ideology and support for democracy.

Traveling To Die: The Latest Form of Medical Tourism

Debby Waldman

KFF News

Originally posted 20 Aug 24

In the 18 months after Francine Milano was diagnosed with a recurrence of the ovarian cancer she thought she’d beaten 20 years ago, she traveled twice from her home in Pennsylvania to Vermont. She went not to ski, hike, or leaf-peep, but to arrange to die.

“I really wanted to take control over how I left this world,” said the 61-year-old who lives in Lancaster. “I decided that this was an option for me.”

Dying with medical assistance wasn’t an option when Milano learned in early 2023 that her disease was incurable. At that point, she would have had to travel to Switzerland — or live in the District of Columbia or one of the 10 states where medical aid in dying was legal.

But Vermont lifted its residency requirement in May 2023, followed by Oregon two months later. (Montana effectively allows aid in dying through a 2009 court decision, but that ruling doesn’t spell out rules around residency. And though New York and California recently considered legislation that would allow out-of-staters to secure aid in dying, neither provision passed.)

Despite the limited options and the challenges — such as finding doctors in a new state, figuring out where to die, and traveling when too sick to walk to the next room, let alone climb into a car — dozens have made the trek to the two states that have opened their doors to terminally ill nonresidents seeking aid in dying.

The info is here.

Here are some thoughts:

This article delves into the complex ethical and psychological dimensions of medical aid in dying, highlighting several key issues. At its core, the story of Francine Milano underscores the importance of personal autonomy in end-of-life decisions, with many terminally ill patients finding empowerment and dignity in having control over their final moments.

The legal requirement of a six-month prognosis reflects the ongoing ethical debate surrounding quality versus quantity of life. However, the logistical challenges and travel burdens placed on patients seeking this option raise questions about equitable access and the ethics of imposing additional stress on those already suffering.

The article also touches on the impact on family dynamics, with out-of-state patients often having fewer loved ones present during their final moments. Safeguards such as mental capacity assessments and waiting periods attempt to balance patient autonomy with societal protections, addressing concerns about vulnerable individuals being coerced.

The article acknowledges moral and religious objections, illustrating the ongoing ethical debate in society. Interestingly, the observation that a third of approved patients don't follow through suggests that for some, the mere option provides psychological comfort.

The geographic inequity in access to aid in dying based on state laws raises further ethical concerns.

Lastly, the gradual expansion of these laws points to evolving societal attitudes towards death and dying, which has profound implications for how we approach end-of-life care psychologically and ethically. These multifaceted issues highlight the intricate interplay between individual rights, societal values, and the psychological needs of terminally ill patients and their families in the context of assisted dying.

Tubal Sterilization Rates by State Abortion Laws After the Dobbs Decision

Xu, X., Chen, L.,  et al. (2024).

JAMA.

https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2024.16862

Abstract

The June 2022 US Supreme Court decision Dobbs v Jackson Women’s Health Organization overturned the federal constitutional right to abortion. Consequently, legality of abortion is now regulated by individual states, and multiple states have banned or restricted abortion. Because women may turn to sterilization if abortion is more difficult to obtain, we examined whether the use of sterilization procedures changed after the Dobbs ruling by restrictiveness of state abortion laws.

Here are some thoughts:

The study revealed a significant increase in tubal sterilization rates among women in the United States following the Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization ruling. This decision overturned Roe v Wade, leading to stricter abortion laws in many states. The researchers found that the increase in tubal sterilizations was particularly pronounced in states with strict abortion bans, suggesting a direct correlation between limited abortion access and women seeking permanent contraception. The study emphasizes the importance of considering the permanent nature of tubal sterilization when making decisions about contraception, highlighting the potential unintended consequences of abortion restrictions on reproductive health and access to healthcare.

This AI chatbot got conspiracy theorists to question their convictions

Helena Kudiabor

Nature.com

Originally posted 12 Sept 24

Researchers have shown that artificial intelligence (AI) could be a valuable tool in the fight against conspiracy theories, by designing a chatbot that can debunk false information and get people to question their thinking.

In a study published in Science on 12 September1, participants spent a few minutes interacting with the chatbot, which provided detailed responses and arguments, and experienced a shift in thinking that lasted for months. This result suggests that facts and evidence really can change people’s minds.

“This paper really challenged a lot of existing literature about us living in a post-truth society,” says Katherine FitzGerald, who researches conspiracy theories and misinformation at Queensland University of Technology in Brisbane, Australia.

Previous analyses have suggested that people are attracted to conspiracy theories because of a desire for safety and certainty in a turbulent world. But “what we found in this paper goes against that traditional explanation”, says study co-author Thomas Costello, a psychology researcher at American University in Washington DC. “One of the potentially cool applications of this research is you could use AI to debunk conspiracy theories in real life.”

The info is here.

Here are some thoughts:

Researchers have developed an AI chatbot capable of effectively debunking conspiracy theories and influencing believers to reconsider their views. The study challenges prevailing notions about the intractability of conspiracy beliefs and suggests that well-presented facts and evidence can indeed change minds.

The custom-designed chatbot, based on OpenAI's GPT-4 Turbo, was trained to argue convincingly against various conspiracy theories. In conversations averaging 8 minutes, the chatbot provided detailed, tailored responses to participants' beliefs. The results were remarkable: participants' confidence in their chosen conspiracy theory decreased by an average of 21%, with 25% moving from confidence to uncertainty. These effects persisted in follow-up surveys conducted two months later.

This research has important implications for combating the spread of harmful conspiracy theories, which can have serious societal impacts. The study's success opens up potential applications for AI in real-world interventions against misinformation. However, the researchers acknowledge limitations, such as the use of paid survey respondents, and emphasize the need for further studies to refine the approach and ensure its effectiveness across different contexts and populations.

Negative news headlines are more attractive: negativity bias in online news reading and sharing

Zhang, M., Wu, H., et al. (2024).

Current Psychology.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-06646-6

Abstract

Clickbait—online content designed to attract attention and clicks through misleading or exaggerated headlines—has become a prevalent phenomenon in online news. Previous research has sparked debate over the effectiveness of clickbait strategies and whether a bias toward negativity or positivity drives online news engagement. To clarify these issues, we conducted two studies. Study 1 examined participants’ preferences for news headlines, revealing a higher selection rate for negative headlines. This finding indicates a negativity bias in the news reading process and underscores the effectiveness of negative information in clickbait strategies. Study 2 simulated the process of news sharing and examined how participants generalize and report negative news. The findings show that participants amplified the negativity of the original news by using more negative terms or introducing new negative language, demonstrating an even stronger negativity bias during news sharing. These findings affirm the presence of a negativity bias in online engagement, in reading and sharing news. This study offers psychological insights into the clickbait phenomenon and provides theoretical support and practical implications for future research on negativity bias in online news.

The research is cited above.

Do moral values change with the seasons?

Hohm, I., O’Shea, B. A., & Schaller, M. (2024).

PNAS, 121(33).

https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2313428121

Abstract

Moral values guide consequential attitudes and actions. Here, we report evidence of seasonal variation in Americans’ endorsement of some—but not all—moral values. Studies 1 and 2 examined a decade of data from the United States (total N = 232,975) and produced consistent evidence of a biannual seasonal cycle in values pertaining to loyalty, authority, and purity (“binding” moral values)—with strongest endorsement in spring and autumn and weakest endorsement in summer and winter—but not in values pertaining to care and fairness (“individualizing” moral values). Study 2 also provided some evidence that the summer decrease, but not the winter decrease, in binding moral value endorsement was stronger in regions with greater seasonal extremity. Analyses on an additional year of US data (study 3; n = 24,199) provided further replication and showed that this biannual seasonal cycle cannot be easily dismissed as a sampling artifact. Study 4 provided a partial explanation for the biannual seasonal cycle in Americans’ endorsement of binding moral values by showing that it was predicted by an analogous seasonal cycle in Americans’ experience of anxiety. Study 5 tested the generalizability of the primary findings and found similar seasonal cycles in endorsement of binding moral values in Canada and Australia (but not in the United Kingdom). Collectively, results from these five studies provide evidence that moral values change with the seasons, with intriguing implications for additional outcomes that can be affected by those values (e.g., intergroup prejudices, political attitudes, legal judgments).

Significance

We report evidence that people’s moral values change with the seasons. Analyses of a decade of data (232,975 questionnaire responses from 2011 to 2020) revealed a consistent seasonal cycle in Americans’ endorsement of moral values pertaining to loyalty, authority, and purity (with stronger endorsement in spring and autumn and weaker endorsement in summer and winter). This seasonal cycle was partially explained by an analogous seasonal cycle in Americans’ experience of anxiety. Similar seasonal cycles were observed in data from Canada and Australia (but not the United Kingdom). These findings have implications for attitudes and actions that can be affected by moral values, including intergroup prejudices, political ideologies, and legal judgments.

The article is linked above. It is paywalled.

Here are some thoughts: 

Recent research reveals that seasons may influence moral decision-making at a population level. The study found that binding values, which include loyalty, authority, and purity, exhibit biannual patterns, peaking in spring and fall while dipping in winter and summer. In contrast, individualizing values, such as care and fairness, remain relatively stable across seasons. This seasonal pattern was consistent over multiple years in the United States, Canada, and Australia, although it was not observed in the United Kingdom. Additionally, the researchers discovered that population-level anxiety patterns correlate with fluctuations in binding values, with anxiety peaking in spring and fall. These increases in anxiety may be linked to seasonal transitions in school and work, which can contribute to feelings of threat and a desire for group cohesion.

The implications of this research suggest that morality may be less rational and objective than commonly believed. While dramatic moral shifts do not occur at the individual level, collective small shifts in individual moral thinking could influence broader societal trends, such as discrimination, legal systems, and public compliance with government advice. Understanding these subtle influences can provide valuable insights into population-level behavioral trends and help us better anticipate seasonal shifts in social and political dynamics.

Human embryo models are getting more realistic — raising ethical questions

Smriti Mallapaty

nature.com

Originally posted 11 Sept 24

Here is an excerpt:

Science accelerates

Meanwhile, the science keeps moving at such a pace that regulators have a lot to keep up with. In June 2024, the ISSCR announced that it had set up a working group to assess the state of the science and review earlier guidelines, in light of the models published since 2021.

In 2023, around half a dozen teams described models that recapitulate the development of embryos just after implantation. Two models in particular were widely covered by the media — one by Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz, a developmental biologist at the California Institute for Technology in Pasadena, and one by Jacob Hanna, a stem-cell biologist at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel. They were described as complete post-implantation models, but that title has been hotly debated.

“These are not complete models,” says Rivron. The one by Zernicka-Goetz’s group7 doesn’t have cells that behave like trophoblasts, which provide nutrition for the embryo — and although Hanna’s8 does contain a trophoblast-like layer, it isn’t as organized as the real thing, say researchers.

“It’s almost like a beauty contest — whose ‘model’ looked better,” says Jianping Fu, a bioengineer at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. “There’s a lot of excitement, but at the same time, there’s some hype in the field right now.”

Some researchers question the value of chasing a complete model. It’s a “pretty exquisite balancing act”, says Hyun. Researchers want models to resemble an embryo closely enough that they provide real insight into human development but not so closely that they can’t tell the difference between the two, and so risk restrictions to their work. “You want to skate as close to the edge as possible, without falling over,” he says.

Some researchers try to avoid this ethical dilemma by intentionally introducing changes to their embryo models that would make it impossible for the model to result in an organism. For example, Hanna has started working on models in which genes involved in brain and heart development have been inactivated. He has inferred from discussions with Christian and Jewish leaders in his community that an embryo model lacking brain or heart tissue would not be considered a form of person.

The info is here.

Here are some thoughts:

Scientists have made significant strides in developing sophisticated "embryo models" using stem cells that closely mimic aspects of early human development. These models present exciting opportunities to explore critical areas such as embryo development, infertility, and disease prevention, while also raising important ethical questions. Key advancements include the creation of "blastoids," which resemble early embryos at the blastocyst stage, as well as models that capture post-implantation development and gastrulation. Additionally, researchers have developed organ-specific models, such as those representing the neural tube and somites, which are crucial for understanding organogenesis.

The potential applications of these models are vast, including studying the causes of early pregnancy loss, improving the success rates of in vitro fertilization (IVF), testing drug safety, and producing blood stem cells for transplants. However, the rapid advancement of this field has led to ongoing challenges related to ethical and regulatory considerations, such as defining the distinction between embryos and embryo models, establishing limits on culturing duration, and imposing restrictions on implantation into animals or humans. As the field continues to progress, there is a pressing need for ongoing ethical guidance and oversight, as well as public engagement and transparency to address societal concerns.

Burnout, racial trauma, and protective experiences of Black psychologists and counselors

Brown, E. M., et al. (2024).

Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice

and policy, 10.1037/tra0001726.

Advance online publication.

https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001726

Abstract

Objective: The present study explored rates of burnout and racial trauma among 182 Black mental health professionals (BMHPs) and utilized racial-cultural theory to explore potential protective factors against burnout and racial trauma.

Method: We collected data from 182 Black psychologists and counselors who were active mental health professionals during 2020. Descriptive statistics, multivariate analyses of variance, follow-up univariate analyses of variance, bivariate correlations, and multiple regression analyses were used.

Results: Both burnout and racial trauma were considerably higher among BMHPs than has been reported across general samples of helping professionals and across a sample of Black participants across the United States. Differences among rates of burnout and racial trauma existed across genders and specialties (i.e., counseling and psychology). Higher levels of social support and an external locus of control significantly predicted lower levels of burnout and racial trauma. In addition, higher levels of resilient coping predicted lower levels of burnout. Last, more frequent meetings with a mentor significantly predicted lower levels of racial trauma.

Conclusions: Results from this study suggest that BMHPs may be more susceptible to burnout and race-based traumatic stress as a result of their work.

Clinical Impact Statement

The purpose of this study was to examine the rates of burnout and racial trauma of Black mental health

professionals in the wake of COVID and the racial unrest of 2020. It was found that Black mental health

professionals had significantly high rates of burnout and racial trauma. Previous studies have shown that

high levels of burnout and race-based traumatic stress can be detrimental to one’s mental and physical

health. Therefore, results show that greater attention needs to be given to the well-being of Black mental

health professionals to support them in their work.

The article is paywalled.

Here are some thoughts:

Black mental health professionals (BMHPs) face significant challenges, including high rates of burnout and racial trauma, particularly in the wake of recent racial and political unrest. This study found that BMHPs, especially those with master's degrees, experience higher levels of burnout and racial trauma compared to other helping professionals. However, social support, mentoring, and a strong sense of calling to the Black community can serve as protective factors against these negative impacts. The study underscores the importance of providing greater support to BMHPs, particularly during times of heightened racial tension, to help them cope with the immense stress and trauma they encounter in their work.