Lee, S., & Valenzuela, S. (2024).
Social Media + Society, 10(2).
Abstract
To explain the participatory effects of news exposure, communication scholars have long relied upon the “virtuous circle” framework of media use and civic participation. That is, news consumption makes people more knowledgeable, and trustful toward institutions and political processes, making them active and responsible citizens, which then leads them to engage in various political activities. In a social media environment, however, the applicability of the “virtuous circle” is increasingly dubious. A mounting body of empirical research indicates that news consumption via social media does not necessarily yield actual information gains. Instead, it often fosters a false perception of being well-informed and politically competent, thereby stimulating political engagement. Furthermore, selective information consumption and interaction within like-minded networks on social media frequently exacerbate animosity toward opposing political factions, which can serve as a catalyst for political involvement. In light of these findings, we propose replacing the “virtuous circle” framework for a “self-righteous” one. In this new model, social media news users develop a heightened sense of confidence in their knowledge, regardless of its accuracy, and consequently become more inclined to engage in politics by reinforcing the perception that the opposing side is inherently wrong and that achieving victory is imperative.
Here are some thoughts:
Political participation is widely recognized as a fundamental indicator of a healthy democracy, and the role of news media in fostering this participation has been extensively studied. Traditionally, exposure to news has been associated with increased political knowledge and participation, forming a "virtuous circle" where informed citizens engage more actively in democratic processes. However, recent changes in the political landscape, such as the rise of populism, misinformation, and deepening partisan divides, challenge the applicability of this framework. The study proposes a shift from the "virtuous circle" to a "self-righteous cycle" of news consumption and political participation, particularly in the context of social media.
This new model suggests that political participation driven by social media news consumption often stems from users feeling informed, despite being misinformed, and from increased animosity toward opposing political groups. The study highlights the role of partisan selective exposure on social media, which fosters political engagement through heightened emotions and animosity rather than through trust and informed understanding. This shift underscores the need for a revised theoretical model to better understand the contemporary media and political environment, emphasizing the importance of critical scrutiny and accurate information in fostering genuine political knowledge and participation.
